Multiple resistant Eleusine indica from Brazil

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT GOOSEGRASS
(Eleusine indica)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Brazil, Mato Grosso

INTRODUCTION		GOOSEGRASS
Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Brazil this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2017 and infests Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 1 (Legacy A), and Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Dec 08, 2017 )
Common Name	Goosegrass
Species	Eleusine indica
Group	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A) Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Herbicides	fenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl
Location	Brazil, Mato Grosso
Year	2017
Situation(s)	Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Núbia Correia
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

ONGOING RESEARCH

Núbia Correia

THE FOLLOWING ARE THE ONGOING RESEARCH TEAM FOR THIS CASE.

NÚBIA CORREIA
Researcher
Embrapa
Weed Science
Embrapa Vegetable
Rodovia Brasilia/Anápolis BR 060 km 09
Brasília, 70359-970, Distrito Federal
Brazil : Email Núbia Correia
Web : Web Site Link

RICARDO VICTORIA FILHO
Vice-Head - Full Professor
Universidade de Sao Paulo
Crop Science Department
ESALQ - USP - LPV - Av. Padua Dias 11 - C. Postal 09
Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo
Brazil

E-mail: rvictori@usp.br

LUCAS ARAÚJO
Agronomist
University of São Paulo, College of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz"
Weed Science
Street Edu Chaves 360
Piracicaba, 13418-900, São Paulo
Brazil

Email Lucas Araújo

RONI BUENO
Estudante
Faculdade Promove Icesp Brasilia
Weed Science
Rua 8, Casa 12
quadra 12
Luziânia, 72814570, Goiás
Brazil

Email Roni Bueno
Web : Web Site Link

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ONGOING RESEARCH

Núbia Correia

Update 2018: CLETHODIM resistance found.

A population of Eleusine indica with resistance to clethodim and glyphosate has been found.

Importance of Eleusine indica multiple-resistance report

(Glyphosate, Clethodim and Haloxyfop-methyl) Eleusine indica is one of the primary weeds in soybean crops in Brazil, and it has been reported as a problem on nearly 27 million hectares, in soybean area (Kynetec, 2023). Currently, the main herbicide used for controlling Eleusine indica are glyphosate and clethodim. When considering grass control in Brazil, clethodim represent over 70% of the graminicide market (Kynetec, 2023). Sixteen such alterations have been described so far, with the most notable observed at aminoacid positions 1781, 2027, 2041, 2078, and 2096 of the polypeptide chain, but also occur at positions 1999 and 2088. Each mutation confers cross resistance to a different group of herbicides (Takano et al. 2021). On the other hand, cross-resistance can also be correlated with non-target-site mechanism. Consequently, one Eleusine indica population may exhibit cross resistance to DIM and FOP herbicides, while another may not. Given the significance of clethodim in Brazilian agriculture, as it is the most commonly use ACCase inhibitor for Eleusine indica control in our country, it is imperative to report on resistance to alert growers to pay attention in Eleusine indica specie. Especially because, after the identification of Eleusine indica biotypes resistant to haloxyfop, farmers have been using almost exclusively clethodim to control this weed species. Additionally, it is essential to adopt different weed management practices as: use pre-emergent herbicide, use mixtures or sequential treatments of herbicides having different sites of action, crop rotation, cleaning farm equipment when moving between fields and the use cover crops.

References:

Kynatec, Farm Trak TM Crop Protection: Herbicide soybean 22/23, 2023.

Hudson Kagueyama Takano, Ramiro Fernando Lopez Ovejero , Gustavo Gross Belchior, Gizella Potrich Leal Maymone, Franck E. Dayan. ACCase-inhibiting herbicides: mechanism of action, resistance evolution and stewardship. Scientia Agricola, v.78, n.1, e20190102, 2021.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Goosegrass biotype with this Goosegrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1, 9 resistant Goosegrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Goosegrass from Brazil please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

NÚBIA CORREIA

Researcher Embrapa Weed Science Embrapa Vegetable Rodovia Brasilia/Anápolis BR 060 km 09 Brasília, 70359-970, Distrito Federal Brazil Email Núbia Correia

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Brazil have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Núbia Correia for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Goosegrass Globally
(Eleusine indica)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Argentina

2012

Corn (maize), Fallow, and Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Australia (Queensland)

2015

Sugarcane for sugar

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Bolivia

2005

Rice, Soybean, and Wheat

clethodim, cyhalofop-butyl, fluazifop-butyl, and haloxyfop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Bolivia

2007

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Brazil

2003

Soybean

cyhalofop-butyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Brazil

2016

Corn (maize), Soybean, and Wheat

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Brazil

2017

Beans, Corn (maize), Cotton, and Soybean

fenoxaprop-ethyl, glyphosate, and haloxyfop-methyl

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

China

2010

Unspecified

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

China

2010

Orchards

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Colombia

2006

Coffee, and Corn (maize)

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Colombia

2016

Corn (maize)

glyphosate, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Costa Rica

1989

Industrial sites

imazapyr

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Costa Rica

2010

Pejibaye palm

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Indonesia

2012

Oil Palm Nursery

glyphosate, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Indonesia

2012

Corn (maize)

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Italy

2019

Nurseries

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Japan

2013

Rice Paddy Levee

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Malaysia

1990

Cropland, and Vegetables

fluazifop-butyl, and propaquizafop

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Malaysia

1990

Vegetables

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Malaysia

1997

Orchards

fluazifop-butyl, and glyphosate

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

Malaysia

2009

Vegetables

glufosinate-ammonium, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase ( HRAC Group 10 (Legacy H)

Malaysia

2009

Oil Palm Nursery

butroxydim, fluazifop-butyl, glufosinate-ammonium, glyphosate, haloxyfop-methyl, and paraquat

Multiple Resistance: 4 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)
Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)
Inhibition of Glutamine Synthetase ( HRAC Group 10 (Legacy H)

Mexico

2016

Oranges

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (North Carolina)

1973

Cotton

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (South Carolina)

1974

Cotton, and Soybean

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Alabama)

1987

Cotton

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Tennessee)

1988

Cotton, Golf courses, and Turf

pendimethalin, prodiamine, and trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Arkansas)

1989

Cotton, and Cropland

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Georgia)

1992

Cotton, Golf courses, and Turf

trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Mississippi)

1994

Cotton

pendimethalin, and trifluralin

Inhibition of Microtubule Assembly ( HRAC Group 3 (Legacy K1)

United States (Florida)

1996

Tomatoes

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

United States (Hawaii)

2003

Turf

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Mississippi)

2010

Cotton

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (Tennessee)

2011

Soybean

glyphosate

Inhibition of Enolpyruvyl Shikimate Phosphate Synthase ( HRAC Group 9 (Legacy G)

United States (North Carolina)

2015

Golf courses

oxadiazon

Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)

United States (Virginia)

2015

Golf courses

oxadiazon

Inhibition of Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ( HRAC Group 14 (Legacy E)

United States (Alabama)

2019

Tomatoes

paraquat

PS I Electron Diversion ( HRAC Group 22 (Legacy D)

Specific Papers about this Case

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Chen, J., H. Huang, C. Zhang, S. Wei, Z. Huang, J. Chen, and X. Wang. 2015. Mutations and amplification of EPSPS gene confer resistance to glyphosate in goosegrass (Eleusine indica). Planta 242 : 859 - 868.

Glyphosate has been used widely in the south of China. The high selection pressure from glyphosate use has led to the evolution of resistance to glyphosate in weeds. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of three recently discovered glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indicapopulations (R1, R2 and R3). The results showed that R1 and R2 had double Thr102Ile and Pro106Ser mutation and a single mutation of Pro106Leu in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene, respectively. Escherichia coli containing the mutated EPSPS genes was tolerant to glyphosate. EPSPS activity in R1 and R2 plants was higher than in the sensitive plants. There was no amino acid substitution in EPSPS gene in R3. However, expression of EPSPS in R3 plants was higher than in glyphosate-susceptible (S) population (13.8-fold) after glyphosate treatment. EPSPS enzyme activity in both R3 and S plants was inhibited by glyphosate, while shikimate accumulation in R3 was significantly lower than for the S population. Further analysis revealed that the genome of R3 contained 28.3-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene than that of susceptible population. EPSPS expression was positively correlated with copy number of EPSPS. In conclusion, mutation of the EPSPS gene and increased EPSPS expression are part of the molecular mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate in Eleusine indica..

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Literature about Similar Cases

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Takano, H., R. Mendes, L. Scoz, R. Ovejero, J. Constantin, T. Gaines, P. Westra, F. Dayan, and R. Oliveira. 2019. Proline 106 EPSPS mutation imparting glyphosate resistance in goosegrass (Eleusine indica) emerges in South America. Weed Science 67 : 48 - 56.

Glyphosate-resistant (GR) goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] was recently identified in Brazil, but its resistance mechanism was unknown. This study elucidated the resistance mechanism in this species and developed a molecular marker for rapid detection of this target-site resistance trait. The resistance factor for the resistant biotype was 4.4-fold compared with the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) in greenhouse dose–response experiments. This was accompanied by a similar (4-fold) difference in the levels of in vitro and in planta shikimate accumulation in these biotypes. However, there was no difference in uptake, translocation, or metabolism of glyphosate between the GS and GR biotypes. Moreover, both biotypes showed similar values for 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) copy number and transcription. Sequencing of a 330-bp fragment of the EPSPS gene identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism that led to a Pro-106-Ser amino acid substitution in the enzyme from the GR biotype. This mutation imparted a 3.8-fold increase in the amount of glyphosate required to inhibit 50% of EPSPS activity, confirming the role of this amino acid substitution in resistance to glyphosate. A quantitative PCR–based genotyping assay was developed for the rapid detection of resistant plants containing this Pro-106-Ser mutation..

Gherekhloo, J., Fernández-Moreno, P.T., Alcántara-de la Cruz, R., Sánchez-González, E., Cruz-Hipolito, H.E., Domínguez-Valenzuela, J.A. and De Prado, R.. 2017. Pro-106-Ser mutation and EPSPS overexpression acting together simultaneously in glyphosate-resistant goosegrass (Eleusine indica). Scientific Reports 7 : 6702 - .

Glyphosate has been used for more than 15 years for weed management in citrus groves in the Gulf of Mexico, at up to 3–4 applications per year. Goosegrass (Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.) control has sometimes failed. In this research, the mechanisms governing three goosegrass biotypes (Ein-Or from an orange grove, and Ein-Pl1 and Ein-Pl2 from Persian lime groves) with suspected resistance to glyphosate were characterized and compared to a susceptible biotype (Ein-S). Dose-response and shikimate accumulation assays confirmed resistance of the resistant (R) biotypes. There were no differences in glyphosate absorption, but the R biotypes retained up to 62–78% of the herbicide in the treated leaf at 96 h after treatment (HAT), in comparison to the Ein-S biotype (36%). The 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) activity in the Ein-Or and Ein-S biotypes was over 100-fold lower than the Ein-Pl1 and Ein-Pl2 ones. The latter showed a high EPSPS-basal activity, a mutation at Pro-106-Ser position in the EPSPS gene, and EPSPS overexpression. The EPSPS basal and EPSPS overexpression were positively correlated. The R goosegrass biotypes displayed poor glyphosate translocation. Furthermore, this grassweed showed, for the first time, two mechanisms at the target-site level (Pro-106-Ser mutation + EPSPS overexpression) acting together simultaneously against glyphosate..

Yu, Q., A. Jalaludin, H. Han, M. Chen, R.D. Sammons, and S. Powles. 2015. Evolution of a Double Amino Acid Substitution in the 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-Phosphate Synthase in Eleusine indica Conferring High-Level Glyphosate Resistance. Plant Physiology 167 : 1440 - 1447.

Glyphosate is the most important and widely used herbicide in world agriculture. Intensive glyphosate selection has resulted in the widespread evolution of glyphosate-resistant weed populations, threatening the sustainability of this valuable once-in-a-century agrochemical. Field-evolved glyphosate resistance due to known resistance mechanisms is generally low to modest. Here, working with a highly glyphosate-resistant Eleusine indica population, we identified a double amino acid substitution (T102I + P106S [TIPS]) in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene in glyphosate-resistant individuals. This TIPSmutation recreates the biotechnology-engineered commercial first generation glyphosate-tolerant EPSPS in corn (Zea mays) and now in other crops. In E. indica, the naturally evolved TIPS mutants are highly (more than 180-fold) resistant to glyphosate compared with the wild type and more resistant (more than 32-fold) than the previously known P106S mutants. The E. indica TIPS EPSPS showed very high-level (2,647-fold) in vitro resistance to glyphosate relative to the wild type and is more resistant (600-fold) than the P106S variant. The evolution of the TIPSmutation in crop fields under glyphosate selection is likely a sequential event, with the P106S mutation being selected first and fixed, followed by the T102I mutation to create the highly resistant TIPS EPSPS. The sequential evolution of the TIPS mutation endowing high-level glyphosate resistance is an important mechanism by which plants adapt to intense herbicide selection and a dramatic example of evolution in action..

Cha ThyeSan ; Anne-Marie, K. ; Chuah TseSeng. 2014. Identification and characterization of RAPD-SCAR markers linked to glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant biotypes of Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Molecular Biology Reports 41 : 823 - 831.

Eleusine indica is one of the most common weed species found in agricultural land worldwide. Although herbicide-glyphosate provides good control of the weed, its frequent uses has led to abundant reported cases of resistance. Hence, the development of genetic markers for quick detection of glyphosate-resistance in E. indica population is imperative for the control and management of the weed. In this study, a total of 14 specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were identified and two of the markers, namely S4R727 and S26R₆976 were further sequence characterized. Sequence alignment revealed that marker S4R727 showing a 12-bp nucleotides deletion in resistant biotypes, while marker S26R6976 contained a 167-bp nucleotides insertion in the resistant biotypes. Based on these sequence differences, three pairs of new sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were developed. The specificity of these primer pairs were further validated with genomic DNA extracted from ten individual plants of one glyphosate-susceptible and five glyphosate-resistant (R2, R4, R6, R8 and R11) populations. The resulting RAPD-SCAR markers provided the basis for assessing genetic diversity between glyphosate-susceptible and -resistant E. indica biotypes, as well for the identification of genetic locus link to glyphosate-resistance event in the species..

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