<b>HRAC Group 1</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy A) </font> resistant Phalaris brachystachys from Iran

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

HRAC GROUP 1 (LEGACY A) RESISTANT SHORTSPIKE CANARYGRASS
(Phalaris brachystachys)

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Iran, Golestan

INTRODUCTION		SHORTSPIKE CANARYGRASS
Shortspike Canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Iran this weed first evolved resistance to Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides in 2014 and infests Winter wheat. Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides are known as Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and haloxyfop-methyl and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 1 (Legacy A) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jan 20, 2015 )
Common Name	Shortspike Canarygrass
Species	Phalaris brachystachys
Group	Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Herbicides	clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and haloxyfop-methyl
Location	Iran, Golestan
Year	2014
Situation(s)	Winter wheat
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Javid Gherekhloo
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Shortspike Canarygrass biotype with this Shortspike Canarygrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 1 resistant Shortspike Canarygrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 1 (Legacy A) resistant Shortspike Canarygrass from Iran please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

JAVID GHEREKHLOO

Associate Professor Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Agronomy Department Gorgan, 49189-43464, Golestan Iran Email Javid Gherekhloo

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Iran have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Javid Gherekhloo for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Shortspike Canarygrass Globally
(Phalaris brachystachys)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Iran

2014

Winter wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, fenoxaprop-ethyl, and haloxyfop-methyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Italy

2001

Durum wheat, and Sugar beets

clodinafop-propargyl, diclofop-methyl, pinoxaden, and sethoxydim

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Syria

2015

Faba beans, Potatoes, and Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, and fenoxaprop-ethyl

Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)

Turkey

2008

Wheat

clodinafop-propargyl, and pyroxsulam

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
Inhibition of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase ( HRAC Group 1 (Legacy A)
Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Sajedeh Golmohammadzadeh, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Jose G. Vázquez-García, Yolanda Romano, Maria D. Osuna, Javid Gherekhloo, Rafael De Prado. 2020. Cross-resistance mechanisms to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in short-spike canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys). Plant Physiology and Biochemistry : 681 - 688.

Herbicides that inhibit acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) are commonly used to control weedy grasses
such as short-spike canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys). Two resistant biotypes of P. brachystachys (R1 and R2) were found in different winter wheat fields in Iran. This study was done to confirm the suspected resistance
observed in the field and to elucidate the resistance mechanisms involved. The results indicated that the both
resistant biotypes showed cross-resistance to diclofop-methyl (DM), pinoxaden (PN) and cycloxydim (CD) herbicides. Based on the herbicide dose that inhibited 50% of the ACCase activity (I50), the ACCase activity of the resistant biotypes was less sensitive than the S biotype to DM, CD, and PN. No differences in translocation were detected between biotypes; most of the herbicide remained in the treated leaves. The 14C-DM metabolites were identified using thin-layer chromatography. Pre-treatment with the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ABT inhibited 14C-DM metabolism in the R1 biotype, indicating that metabolism is involved in the DM resistance in the R1 biotype. DNA sequencing studies found an Ile-1781-Thr change in both resistant biotypes, conferring cross resistance to ACCase inhibitors. In general, in the R1 biotype which showed a higher level of resistance than that of the R2 biotype, cross-resistance was observed because of mutation and DM metabolism, while in the R2 biotype, the mutation confers resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. This is the first reported evidence of the mechanisms responsible for the resistance to ACCase herbicides in P. brachystachys. These results could be useful for improved management of resistant biotypes carrying similar mutations..

Sajedeh Golmohammadzadeh, Javid Gherekhloo, Antonia María Rojano-Delgado, M. Dolores Osuna-Ruíz,, Behnam Kamkar, Farshid Ghaderi-Far, Rafael De Prado. 2020. The First Case of Short-Spiked Canarygrass(Phalaris brachystachys) with Cross-Resistanceto ACCase-Inhibiting Herbicides in Iran. Agronomy 9 : 377 - .

The weedPhalaris brachystachysLink. severely affects winter cereal production. Acetyle-CoACarboxylase (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides are commonly used to control this weed in wheat fields.Thirty-six populations with suspected resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides were collectedfrom wheat fields in the Golestan Province in Iran. A rapid test performed in Petri dishes andwhole-plant dose–response experiments were conducted to confirm and investigate the resistancelevel ofP. brachystachysto ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. The seed bioassay results showed that0.02 mg ai L−1clodinafop-propargyl (CP) and 1.36 mg ai L−1of the diclofop-methyl (DM) solution werethe optimal amounts for reliably screening resistant and susceptibleP. brachystachyspopulations. In thewhole plant bioassay, all populations were found to be resistant to CP, resistance ratios ranging from2.7 to 11.6, and all of the CP-resistant populations exhibited resistance to DM. Fourteen populationsshowed low resistance to cycloxydim, and thirteen of these populations were also 2-fold resistantto pinoxaden. The results showed that DM resistance in someP. brachystachyspopulations is likelydue to their enhanced herbicide metabolism, which involves Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases,as demonstrated by the indirect assay. This is the first report confirming the cross-resistance ofACCase-inhibiting herbicides inP. brachystachysin Iran.
.

Kotoula-Syka, E. ; Afentouli, C. ; Georgoulas, I.. 2012. Herbicide-resistant weeds in cereal crops in Greece. : 157 - 161.

In Greece, diclofop-methyl was heavily used for grass weed control whereas chlorsulfuron was used for many years to control broad-leaf weeds in winter cereals. Recently, failures in control of several populations of major weeds were reported in Greece. The objectives of this research were to investigate the possibility of resistance evolution in various populations of Lolium rigidum, Phalaris brachistachys and Avena sterilis to grass herbicides and Papaver rhoeas to chlorsulfuron, and to elucidate the mechanisms of resistance. Plant response to these herbicides was evaluated in pot experiments and laboratory studies. We found that L. rigidum is multiple-resistant to ACCase inhibitors due to an altered target site, and to chlorsulfuron due to enhanced detoxification. Eight biotypes of P. brachystachys, were examined for resistance to ACCase inhibitors and seven of them indicated resistance to fenoxaprop-ethyl. In contrast all eight biotypes were susceptible to tralkoxydim and clodinafop-propargyl. Continuous use of isoproturon resulted in heavy infestation with A. sterilis that tolerates high rates of isoproturon while being susceptible to ACCase inhibitors used. A population of P. rhoeas was found to be resistant to chlosulfuron (altered target site), whereas all P. rhoeas populations were susceptible to imazamox and tolerant to imazapic but resistant plants were cross-resistant to imazethapyr..

Alcantara, C. ; Jimenez-Hidalgo, M. J. ; Saavedra, M.. 2010. Responses of Phalaris minor Rezt. and Phalaris brachystachys link to different levels of soil water availability. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 8 : 1074 - 1083.

Phalaris brachystachys and Phalaris minor are common and troublesome weeds in winter cereals in Mediterranean countries. Different distribution and soil preferences have been found for each species in Andalusia (southern Spain). In irrigated fields P. minor is more frequent while P. brachystachys has extended its range to semiarid provinces with low rainfall. This different adaptation to irrigation conditions is difficult to explain considering aspects of their biology, herbicide tolerance, or cultivation practices. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of different soil water availabilities over growth and reproductive aspects to explain the differences found in ecology and distribution of P. brachystachys and P. minor. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse controlled conditions using five levels of water availability: field capacity, light drought, moderate drought, severe drought and extreme drought. Differences between species and among treatments were found in plant height, biomass, tiller number, and reproductive traits. Field capacity and light drought treatments favoured biomass, tiller number, and panicle number in P. minor. In contrast, P. brachystachys had a positive response only in moderate drought and increased the percentage of mature panicle with increasing drought levels. These results could explain the wider distribution of P. brachystachys in fields without supplemental irrigation in semiarid areas, due to its adaptation to moderate drought conditions. It may also clarify the greater frequency of P. minor in irrigated fields and in areas with higher rainfall..

Avcı, Ç. M. ; Uygur, F. N.. 2008. Investigation on resistance of Phalaris brachystachys Link. (short spiked canarygrass), a problem weed of wheat fields in Çukurova Region against to some wheat herbicides. Türkiye Herboloji Dergisi 12 : 49 - 63.

This study was carried out between 2008-2009 to determine the resistance of an important weed species. Phalaris brachystachys Link, in wheat fields in Cukurova Region, against some herbicides used in wheat. Resistance population was collected from Oksuzlu Village of Kadirli Town of Çukurova and susceptible population was collected from places such as road side and bare areas where no herbicide has been applied. In study three ACCase inhibitor herbicides (clodinafop-propargyl, pinoxaden ve tralkoxydim) and two ALS inhibitor herbicides (mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, pyroxsulam+cloquintocet-sodium) were used. Each herbicide was applied at six different doses. Resistance index of resistant population was determined as 11.56 and 10.89 for clodinafo-propargyl at first and second year respectively, and as 8.51 and 2.13 for pyroxsulam+cloquintocet-sodium. Although no resistance have been proved for pinoxaden, tralkoxydim and mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-metyl-sodium. These results suggested that particular attention should be given for the use of these three herbicides and treatments should be done at right time and consciously..

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