HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT SQUARE-STALKED WILLOWHERB
(Epilobium tetragonum)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

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INTRODUCTION SQUARE-STALKED WILLOWHERB Square-stalked Willowherb (Epilobium tetragonum) is a dicot weed in the Onagraceae family.  In Germany this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1988 and infests Corn (maize).   Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ).  Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to atrazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Sep 15, 2000 ) Common Name Square-stalked Willowherb Species Epilobium tetragonum Group PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) Herbicides atrazine Location Germany Year 1988 Situation(s) Corn (maize) Contributors - (Alphabetically)   Edit this Case  |  Add New Case of Resistance  |  Add Note

NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE GENERAL Kees-H (1988). The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Die Entwicklung triazinresistenter Samenunkrauter in Bayern und Erfahrungen mit deren Bekampfung. Gesunde-Pflanzen. 1988, 40: 10, 407-412, 414. Edit this Note  |  Add New Note

ACADEMIC ASPECTS Confirmation Tests Greenhouse trials comparing a known susceptible Square-stalked Willowherb biotype with this Square-stalked Willowherb biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.   Genetics Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Square-stalked Willowherb have not been reported to the site.  There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature   Mechanism of Resistance The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database.  If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.   Relative Fitness There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes.  If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Square-stalked Willowherb from Germany please update the database.   Edit Case  |  Add Note  |  Add Article  |  Add New Case  |  Help

CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Germany have been instrumental in providing you this information.

Herbicide Resistant Square-stalked Willowherb Globally (Epilobium tetragonum) Herbicide Resistant Square-stalked Willowherb Globally (Epilobium tetragonum) Drag a column header and drop it here to group by that column Herbicide Resistant Square-stalked Willowherb Globally (Epilobium tetragonum) # Country Country StateName FirstYear Situation Active Ingredients CountryID Site of Action WeedID Species CommonName ResistID 1 France France   1981 Cropland atrazine 17 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) 84 Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb 463 2 Germany Germany   1988 Corn (maize) atrazine 18 PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) 84 Epilobium tetragonum Square-stalked Willowherb 447

Literature about Similar Cases

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Kees, H.. 1988. The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Gesunde Pflanzen 40 : 407 - 412, 414.

The first evidence of weed resistance to triazine herbicides in Bavaria occurred in the period 1975-80 in intensive maize growing areas following continuous treatment with atrazine. Resistance was shown by Stellaria media, Solanum nigrum, Chenopodium album and Galinsoga ciliata, with Atriplex patula and C. ficifolium being largely unaffected. Since 1982 there has been a sharp increase in the areas affected by resistant species which included for the first time Amaranthus retroflexus, Senecio vulgaris and, in isolated instances, C. polyspermum; Polygonum lapathifolium, Fallopia convoluulus, and Epilobium tetragonum also showed resistance. Since 1980, triazine-resistance has also been reported in S. vulgaris, Poa annua, C. album and A. retroflexus in horticultural crops. Control strategies to combat weed resistance are discussed..

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