Multiple resistant Echinochloa erecta from Italy

INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE-RESISTANT WEED DATABASE

MULTIPLE RESISTANT POLLACCI BARNYARDGRASS
(Echinochloa erecta)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis HRAC Group 29 (Legacy L)

Italy

INTRODUCTION		POLLACCI BARNYARDGRASS
Pollacci Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa erecta) is a monocot weed in the Poaceae family. In Italy this weed first evolved multiple resistance (to 2 herbicide sites of action) in 2004 and infests Rice. Multiple resistance has evolved to herbicides in the Groups 5 (Legacy C1 C2), and Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis HRAC Group 29 (Legacy L). These particular biotypes are known to have resistance to propanil, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots) and they may be cross-resistant to other herbicides in the Groups 5 (Legacy C1 C2), and Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis HRAC Group 29 (Legacy L). The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Aug 26, 2005 )
Common Name	Pollacci Barnyardgrass
Species	Echinochloa erecta
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis HRAC Group 29 (Legacy L)
Herbicides	propanil, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots)
Location	Italy
Year	2004
Situation(s)	Rice
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Maurizio Sattin
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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Pollacci Barnyardgrass biotype with this Pollacci Barnyardgrass biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5, 29 resistant Pollacci Barnyardgrass have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of multiple resistant Pollacci Barnyardgrass from Italy please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

MAURIZIO SATTIN

Senior Weed Scientist Italian National Research Council (cnr) IBAF - Weed Science Unit Viale dell'Università 16 Legnaro, 35020, Padova Italy Email Maurizio Sattin

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Italy have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Maurizio Sattin for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Pollacci Barnyardgrass Globally
(Echinochloa erecta)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Italy

2004

Rice

propanil, and quinclorac (MOA in monocots)

Multiple Resistance: 2 Sites of Action
PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Inhibition of Cellulose Synthesis ( HRAC Group 29 (Legacy L)

Italy

2005

Rice

propanil

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Literature about Similar Cases

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Rapparini, G.. 2006. Weed control in rice. Informatore Agrario 62 : 72 - 80.

Increase in weed infestations, particularly those of Echinochloa crus-galli, E. phyllopogon [E. oryzoides] and E. erecta is reported from rice plantations in Italy in 2005. Difficulties of weed control in rice grown in water are also considered, especially infestations of Scirpus maritimus, S. mucronatus and Cyperus difformis. Use of chemical control of riso crodo [Oryza sativa var. sylvatica] in Piedmont and Lombardy is outlined. Herbicides used for control of other specific weed infestations are also outlined, such as Heteranthera, Echinochloa, Leptochloa spp., Paspalum distichum, Panicum spp., Digitaria spp. and Setaria, Alopecurus geniculatus and Lolium spp. Data are tabulated on chemical products, active ingredients, doses, application date, safety time after the application, selectivity and sensitivity of weed species belonging to Cyperaceae, Alismataceae, Butomaceae and Pontederiaceae. The problem of development of herbicide resistance in weeds is considered..

Tabacchi M, Scarabel L, Sattin M. 2004. Herbicide Resistance in Italian Rice Crops: A Late-Developing but Fast-Evolving Story. Med Rice Conference, Torino - Italy. 13th to 15th February 2004 : .

Herbicides have been used intensively in Italian rice crops for the last 40 years. Use of ALS-inhibitors began in 1988 and now more than 80% of rice fields are treated with these herbicides. Since 1994, three species (Alisma plantago-aquatica, Schoenoplectus mucronatus and Cyperus difformis) have evolved resistance to ALS inhibitors, while three populations of Echinochloa crus-galli have evolved resistance to propanil. A population of Echinochloa erecta recently proved to be multiple-resistant to quinclorac and propanil. It is estimated that resistance exists in more than 25,000 ha, with S. mucronatus and C. difformis showing the highest rate of increase. Field histories show that high selection pressure had been imposed for several years prior to resistance development, as well as a lack of any resistance prevention strategy. Most ALS-resistant populations show a wide pattern of cross-resistance with a high level of resistance to SU and a lower level to the TP metosulam.

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