<b>HRAC Group 5</b> <font size='2'> (Legacy C1 C2) </font> resistant Chenopodium album from Germany

International Survey of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds

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Friday, November 1, 2024

HRAC GROUP 5 (LEGACY C1 C2) RESISTANT COMMON LAMBSQUARTERS
(Chenopodium album)

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

INTRODUCTION		COMMON LAMBSQUARTERS
Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) is a dicot weed in the Chenopodiaceae family. In Germany this weed first evolved resistance to Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides in 1980 and infests Corn (maize), and Potatoes. Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides are known as PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders (Inhbition of Photosynthesis at PSll - Serine 264 Binders ). Research has shown that these particular biotypes are resistant to simazine and they may be cross-resistant to other Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) herbicides. The 'Group' letters/numbers that you see throughout this web site refer to the classification of herbicides by their site of action. To see a full list of herbicides and HRAC herbicide classifications click here.

QUIK STATS (last updated Jun 06, 2000 )
Common Name	Common Lambsquarters
Species	Chenopodium album
Group	PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)
Herbicides	simazine
Location	Germany
Year	1980
Situation(s)	Corn (maize), and Potatoes
Contributors - (Alphabetically)	Klaus Arlt, and Robert Schmidt
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NOTES ABOUT THIS BIOTYPE

AREAS FOUND

Klaus Arlt

All over Germany where corn is grown.

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AREAS FOUND

Klaus Arlt

Kees-H (1988). The development of triazine-resistant annual weeds in Bavaria and experience with their control. Die Entwicklung triazinresistenter Samenunkrauter in Bayern und Erfahrungen mit deren Bekampfung. Gesunde-Pflanzen. 1988, 40: 10, 407-412, 414.

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GENERAL

Klaus Arlt

Not a real problem now because atrazine has been prohibited. Lambsquarters is a common weed in corn and potato fields in Germany. Resistant lambsquarters was selected by atrazine in corn. There is cross-resistance to metribuzin.

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ACADEMIC ASPECTS

Confirmation Tests

Field, Greenhouse, and Laboratory trials comparing a known susceptible Common Lambsquarters biotype with this Common Lambsquarters biotype have been used to confirm resistance. For further information on the tests conducted please contact the local weed scientists that provided this information.

Genetics

Genetic studies on HRAC Group 5 resistant Common Lambsquarters have not been reported to the site. There may be a note below or an article discussing the genetics of this biotype in the Fact Sheets and Other Literature

Mechanism of Resistance

The mechanism of resistance for this biotype is either unknown or has not been entered in the database. If you know anything about the mechanism of resistance for this biotype then please update the database.

Relative Fitness

There is no record of differences in fitness or competitiveness of these resistant biotypes when compared to that of normal susceptible biotypes. If you have any information pertaining to the fitness of Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2) resistant Common Lambsquarters from Germany please update the database.

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CONTRIBUTING WEED SCIENTISTS

KLAUS ARLT

Institut Fur Folgenabschatzung Im Pflanzenschutz Biologische Bundesanstalt Fur Land- Und Forstwirts 1605 Albrecht Blvd N Kleinmachnow, D-14532 Germany

ROBERT SCHMIDT

Bayer Ag Crop Protection Business Group Tennoz Central Tower 12f, Higashi Shinagawa 2-2-24, Shinagawa Ku, Leverkusen, Bayerwerk, D 51368 Germany Email Robert Schmidt

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, The Weed Science Society of America, and weed scientists in Germany have been instrumental in providing you this information. Particular thanks is given to Klaus Arlt, and Robert Schmidt for providing detailed information.

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Herbicide Resistant Common Lambsquarters Globally
(Chenopodium album)

Country

FirstYear

Situation

Active Ingredients

Site of Action

Belgium

1980

Corn (maize), Potatoes, Roadsides, and Sugar beets

atrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Bulgaria

1989

Cropland

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Canada (Ontario)

1973

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Canada (Quebec)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Canada (Ontario)

2001

Soybean

thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Quebec)

2008

Soybean

thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Saskatchewan)

2009

Spring Barley, and Wheat

thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

Canada (Prince Edward Island)

2018

Potatoes

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Canada (New Brunswick)

2018

Potatoes

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Czech Republic

1986

Corn (maize), and Sugar beets

atrazine, cyanazine, lenacil, metamitron, prometon, simazine, terbuthylazine, and terbutryne

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Finland

2015

Spring wheat

tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

France

1978

Corn (maize)

atrazine, metamitron, and metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Germany

1980

Corn (maize), and Potatoes

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Greece

2000

Potatoes

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Italy

1982

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Netherlands

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

New Zealand

1979

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

New Zealand

2005

Corn (maize)

aminopyralid, clopyralid, and dicamba

Auxin Mimics ( HRAC Group 4 (Legacy O)

Norway

1994

Cropland

metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Norway

1994

Cropland

linuron

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Poland

1991

Corn (maize), and Sugar beets

atrazine, and metamitron

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Portugal

2003

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Slovenia

1996

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Spain

1987

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Sweden

2005

Potatoes, and Sugar beets

metamitron, and metribuzin

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Switzerland

1977

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Ukraine

2022

Corn (maize), Soybean, Sunflower, and Wheat

florasulam, flumetsulam, imazamox, iodosulfuron-methyl-Na, thiencarbazone-methyl, thifensulfuron-methyl, and tribenuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United Kingdom

1989

Cropland

simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Michigan)

1975

Corn (maize), Nurseries, and Soybean

atrazine, metribuzin, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (New York)

1977

Corn (maize), and Soybean

atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Virginia)

1979

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Wisconsin)

1979

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (North Carolina)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Pennsylvania)

1980

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Indiana)

1980

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Ohio)

1981

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Minnesota)

1982

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Maryland)

1982

Corn (maize), and Cropland

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Massachusetts)

1983

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Illinois)

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Maine)

1985

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (New Hampshire)

1986

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Delaware)

1988

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Iowa)

1989

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Vermont)

1991

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Connecticut)

1992

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Rhode Island)

1995

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Tennessee)

1998

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (West Virginia)

2000

Corn (maize)

atrazine

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

United States (Michigan)

2001

Soybean

imazamox, and thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Ohio)

2001

Soybean

thifensulfuron-methyl

Inhibition of Acetolactate Synthase ( HRAC Group 2 (Legacy B)

United States (Washington)

2010

Mint, and Potatoes

metribuzin, and terbacil

PSII inhibitors - Serine 264 Binders ( HRAC Group 5 (Legacy C1 C2)

Specific Papers about this Case

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Jüttersonke, B. ; Arlt, K.. 1992. The infraspecific structure of weeds in relation to herbicide resistance. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz : 475 - 481.

Of the Chenopodium album taxa examined, those with pseudoumbelliferous inflorescences showed the greatest tolerance to triazine herbicides. Significant differences were evident between 7 C. album taxa in terms of their photosynthetic activity (as assessed by chlorophyll fluorescence). All taxa were susceptible to glyphosate, although they varied in their speed of response to the herbicide. Amaranthus retroflexus selections from ruderal sites treated with atrazine for several years survived atrazine at up to 1.5 kg/ha, whereas those from untreated sites were sensitive..

Arlt, K. ; Jüttersonke, B.. 1992. The negative cross resistance of triazine-resistant weed species, particularly Chenopodium album L. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz : 483 - 486.

C. album biotypes with physiologically proven negative cross-resistance to triazine herbicides succumbed more rapidly and with higher mortality when treated with Lentagran 450 EC (pyridate) than did normal, susceptible biotypes. These findings were confirmed in field trials. A population of C. album which was completely resistant to triazines was well controlled (89%) by Lentagran 450 EC at 0.5 litres/ha..

Oettmeier, W. ; Hilp. U. ; Draber. W. ; Fedtke, C. ; Schmidt, R. R.. 1991. Structure-activity relationships of triazinone herbicides on resistant weeds and resistant Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.. Pesticide Science 33 : 399 - 409.

In general, weeds resistant to the s-triazine herbicide atrazine also show resistance to triazinone herbicides such as metribuzin. Whilst this was found with 7 triazinones in experiments with thylakoids isolated from atrazine-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus (mutation at position serine₂₆₄ of the PSII D-1 reaction centre protein), a further 18 highly lipophilic triazinones resulted in higher pI₅₀ values for PSII electron transport in this mutant than in the wild type. A quantitative structure-activity relationship was established between this negative cross-resistance, or 'supersensitivity', and the lipophilicity of compounds. In vivo experiments revealed that the triazinone DRW2698 killed atrazine- resistant A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album, whereas the wild types were relatively unaffected. When triazinones were further investigated in 5 mutants of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (mutations in the D-1 protein at positions serine₂₆₄, alanine₂₅₁, leucine₂₇₅, phenylalanine₂₅₅ and valine₂₁₉), it was found that the inhibitory activity of all compounds was enhanced in the phenylalanine₂₅₅ mutant but decreased in the valine₂₁₉ mutant. In the other mutants, biological activity was decreased when position 3 of the triazinone was substituted by CH₃, OCH₃, SCH₃, NHCH₃ or N(CH₃)₂. However, negative cross-resistance was observed when this position was occupied by free thiol. It was therefore suggested that these 2 groups of triazinones orient themselves differently within the herbicide binding niche of the PSII D-1 protein..

Arlt, B. ; Jüttersonke, K.. 1990. Herbicide resistance in relation to the infra-specific structure of Chenopodium album.. Weed Research (Oxford) 30 : 189 - 199.

In order to identify herbicide-resistant populations of C. album at an early stage, the relationships between subtaxa of this polymorphic species and their response to herbicides was investigated. Using infra-specific systematics as a basis, a new structure was developed from observations over several years. The genetic stability of several anatomical characteristics was evaluated and as a result, the shape of the inflorescence was taken as the basic characteristic. Tests of herbicide susceptibilty showed that the taxon with a psuedo-umbelliferous inflorescence had a higher resistance to triazines. C. album biotypes identified to be triazine resistant in the German Democratic Republic since 1985 all belonged to this taxon. C. suecicum, which closely resembles C. album and often grows together with it, is highly susceptible to triazines. In general there was cross-resistance to triazines and chloridazon. Pyridate, bentazone, metobromuron and bromuron were fully effective against these biotypes. The activity of metribuzin and combinations of bromuron or fenuron with triazines was somewhat reduced. Triazine-resistant biotypes of C. album responded more slowly to bromuron than susceptible plants..

Arlt, K. ; Jüttersonke, B.. 1987. Studies on the resistance of Chenopodium album populations to herbicides. Nachrichtenblatt für den Pflanzenschutz in der DDR 41 : 209 - 212.

The importance of C. album as a triazine-resistant weed is described. A new taxonomic subdivision of C. album f. sp. is proposed which takes into account differences in inflorescence types and variations of individual subtypes in their resistance characteristics. In pot trials, (a) C. album subform corymbosum tolerated atrazine treatment whereas (b) C. album f. sp. album was mostly tolerant; C. suecicum, which is difficult to distinguish from C. album, was highly sensitive to atrazine, but was tolerant to lenacil and chloridazon, as was (b). Pot trials with seed stock from the various origins confirmed that resistant C. album plants are taxonomically related to (a) and in some cases to (c) C. album f. sp. glomerulosum. Further studies revealed that maize crops are dominated by (b) with false spikes whereas those with cymes were rare. In beet and potatoes (c) dominated, followed by (a). Recommendations on herbicide application are given..

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Literature about Similar Cases

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Schwartau, V. V., Mykhalska, L. M. . 2022. Herbicide-resistant weed biotypes in Ukraine. Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine : 85 - 94.

In Ukraine, resistant to the action of herbicides — acetolactate synthase inhibitors of the imidazolinone class — imazapyr and imazamox biotypes of monocot Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli, and dicot Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chenopodium album have been identified. Cross-resistance to herbicides: monocot to sulfonylurea (nicosulfuron), and triazole pyrimidines (penoxsulam); dicots to sulfonylurea foramsulfuron, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium, thifensulfuron-methyl, tribenuron-methyl; to sulfonylaminocarbonyl triazolinone derivative — thiencarbazone-methyl; to t riazole pyrimidine derivatives — florasulam, and flumetsulam were established. The multiple resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chenopodium album to herbicides of the classes of glycine derivatives — glyphosate, monocot to graminicide pinoxaden, and dicot species to phenoxy carboxylic derivatives — 2,4-D, benzoic acid — dicamba; triketones — topramezone; diphenyl ethers — aclonifen have not been established. It was shown for the first time that herbicide compositions under the influence of the ammonium pool can increase the level of controlling resistant weed biotypes effectiveness. The identification of highly harmful ALS-resistant Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Chenopodium album in the south and central part of the “grain belt” of Ukraine shows the limited effectiveness of weed control exclusively with herbicides with one mechanism of action and requires a significant revision of the principles of crop rotation formation and methods of weed control in the state to maintain high levels of profitability and productivity of agrophytocenoses. Solving these issues is urgent in order to preserve Ukraine’s potential as one of the guarantors of world food security..

Thiel, H. ; Varrelmann, M.. 2014. Identification of a new PSII target site psbA mutation leading to D1 amino acid Leu₂₁₈Val exchange in the Chenopodium album D1 protein and comparison to cross-resistance profiles of known modifications at positions 251 and 264. Pest Management Science 70 : 278 - 285.

BACKGROUND: Resistance of Chenopodium album to triazinones and triazines can be caused by two amino acid exchanges, serine-264-glycine (Ser₂₆₄Gly) and alanine-251-valine (Ala₂₅₁Val), in the chloroplast D1 protein. This paper describes the identification of a biotype with a leucine-218-valine (Leu₂₁₈Val) switch found in German sugar beet fields with unsatisfactory weed control. A greenhouse experiment has been performed to compare the resistance profile of the newly identified biotype with biotypes that carry the Ser₂₆₄Gly and Ala₂₅₁Val mutations. RESULTS: Application rate-response curves obtained from the greenhouse experiment showed that the Leu₂₁₈Val exchange induced significant resistance against the triazinones but not against terbuthylazine. The level of resistance against the triazinones was higher in the Ser₂₆₄Gly and Ala₂₅₁Val biotypes compared with the Leu₂₁₈Val biotype. All biotypes tested were more resistant to metribuzin than to metamitron. Following terbuthylazine treatment, Ser₂₆₄Gly displayed a high level of resistance, Ala₂₅₁Val showed moderate resistance. A PCR-RFLP assay for Ser₂₆₄Gly has been extended to include detection of Ala₂₅₁Val and Leu₂₁₈Val mutations. CONCLUSION: The D1 Leu₂₁₈Val substitution in C. album confers significant resistance to triazinones. This suggests that Leu₂₁₈Val is involved in the binding of triazinones. First establishment of the resistance profiles of the three psbA mutations suggests that these mutations have been independently selected..

Aper, J. ; Mechant, E. ; Riek, J. de ; Laere, K. van ; Bulcke, R. ; Reheul, D.. 2012. Analysis of local spread of metamitron-resistant Chenopodium album patches in Belgium. Weed Research (Oxford) 52 : 421 - 429.

Tracing spread of weeds with molecular markers can give valuable information on the importance of migration mechanisms. This study investigated the local spread of metamitron-resistant Chenopodium album patches in the west of the province West Flanders (Belgium) using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. During the summer of 2009, leaf samples of C. album plants were harvested in 27 patches, distributed over 10 sugar beet fields and one maize field. The fields were grouped in four local clusters, each corresponding to a farmer who cultivated these fields. A cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence procedure identified the Ser₂₆₄ to Gly mutation in the D1 protein, endowing resistance to metamitron, a key herbicide applied in sugar beet. The majority of the sampled plants within a patch (97% on average) carried this mutation. Genetic variation among the four farmers' locations (12%) and among the C. album patches within the farmers' locations (14%) was significant according to amova (P<0.001). In addition, Mantel tests confirmed a positive correlation between genetic distance (linearised φ_PT between pairs of patches) and the logarithm of geographic distance for the complete data set (Mantel coefficient significant at P=0.001), suggesting isolation by distance. Nevertheless, genetic similarity between patches from different fields indicated that seed transport by agricultural machinery and manure is likely to have an important impact on the spread of metamitron-resistant biotypes. Farmers should become aware of the resistance problem as soon as possible, in order to prevent further spread in their fields..

Aper, J. ; Mechant, E. ; Rubin, B. ; Heyerick, A. ; Callebaut, G. ; Mangelinckx, S. ; Deforce, D. ; Kimpe, N. de ; Bulcke, R. ; Reheul, D.. 2012. Absorption, translocation and metabolism of metamitron in Chenopodium album. Pest Management Science 68 : 209 - 216.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) populations from sugar beet fields in different European countries have responded as resistant to the as-triazinone metamitron. The populations have been found to have the same D1 point mutation as known for atrazine-resistant biotypes (Ser₂₆₄ to Gly). However, pot experiments revealed that metamitron resistance is not as clear-cut as observed with triazine resistance in the past. The objectives of this study were to clarify the absorption, translocation and metabolic fate of metamitron in C. album. RESULTS: Root absorption and foliar absorption experiments showed minor differences in absorption, translocation and metabolism of metamitron between the susceptible and resistant C. album populations. A rapid metabolism in the C. album populations was observed when metamitron was absorbed by the roots. The primary products of metamitron metabolism were identified as deamino-metamitron and metamitron-N-glucoside. PABA, known to inhibit the deamination of metribuzin, did not alter the metabolism of metamitron, and nor did the cytochrome P450 inhibitor PBO. However, inhibition of metamitron metabolism in the presence of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ABT was demonstrated. CONCLUSION: Metamitron metabolism in C. album may act as a basic tolerance mechanism, which can be important in circumstances favouring this degradation pathway..

Aper J, De Riek J, De Cauwer B, Bulcke R, Reheul D. 2012. The origin of metamitron resistant Chenopodium album populations in sugar beet. Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences 77 : 335 - 342.

Chenopodium albumL. is a major weed in spring-planted crops in the temperate regions of the world. Since 2000, farmers have reported an unsatisfactory control of this weed in sugar beet fields in Belgium, France and The Netherlands. Frequently, the survivingC. albumplants are resistant to metamitron, a key herbicide in this crop. Metamitron resistance inC. albumis caused by a Ser264 to Gly mutation in the psbA gene on the chloroplast genome, which prevents binding of metamitron to its target site. This mutation causes also resistance to other herbicides with a similar mode of action, like metribuzin -applied in potato- and atrazine in particular. Atrazine has been applied very frequently in maize in the 1970s and the 1980s, but is now banned in Europe due to environmental reasons. The persistent use of atrazine in maize confronted Belgian and other European farmers in the early 1980s with atrazine resistantC. albumwith the same Ser264 to Gly mutation. The problems with atrazine resistantC. albumdisappeared when other herbicides were applied in maize. Unfortunately, this is not the case for metamitron resistantC. albumin sugar beet, because no replacement herbicide is readily available. The history of atrazine use in maize brought up a question concerning the origin of the current metamitron resistantC. albumpopulations. Have these populations been selected locally by regular use of metamitron in sugar beet or did the selection occur earlier by atrazine use when maize was grown in the same fields? This would have serious implications regarding the reversibility of herbicide resistance. Therefore, soil samples were collected on 16 fields with different histories: five fields with an organic management over 25 years, two fields with a history of atrazine resistantC. album, five fields with metamitron resistantC. albumin sugar beet and four fields which were under permanent grassland for 10 years, preceded by a regular rotation in which sugar beet was a key crop. The seeds ofC. albumwere extracted from the soil and germinated on a germination table. Germinated seeds were allowed to grow in a growth chamber. Metamitron resistance was determined by a chlorophyll fluorescence test and leaf material was sampled for AFLP-analysis. For all fields, estimations were made of the size of the seed bank (i.e. an indirect estimate of population size), the frequency of resistant plants and the genetic diversity of resistant and susceptible populations. The results indicate that herbicide-resistant C. album populations are persistent and maintain their adaptive capacity, challenging future management of metamitron resistantC. album.

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